Keirans et al 1999 . tick identification3/15/2024 This compilation does not include many other regionally important and occasionally life-threatening tick-borne infections such as Colorado tick fever (CTF), tick-borne relapsing fever, and Heartland virus infection that are not nationally notifiable ( Forrester et al. Lyme disease alone accounted for almost 75 percent of all reported cases of indigenously acquired vector-borne disease. SOURCES: Ricketts, 1909 Bates et al., 1921 Parker et al., 1924 Dunn, 1927 Weller and Graham, 1930 Wheeler et al., 1935 Davis et al., 1941 Florio et al., 1946 McLean et al., 1963 Western et al., 1970 Steere et al., 1983 Maeda et al., 1987 Quick et al., 1993 Bakken et al., 1994 Herwaldt et al., 1996 Parola et al., 1998 Buller et al., 1999 Kuno et al., 2001 Paddock et al., 2004 Shapiro et al., 2010 Spolidorio et al., 2010 Pritt et al., 2011 McMullan et al., 2012 Gugliotta et al., 2013 Clark et al., 2013, Clark et al., 2014 Pritt et al., 2014.Ĭases of vector-borne disease were associated with ticks, making these the most medically important group of arthropods in the United States. In other situations, the discovery of the agent in ticks preceded its association with human disease, or the agent was discovered simultaneously with the disease but remained without a formal name or was misidentified as another species before its correct designation.Ī Also known as deer tick virus, this agent was first detected in Dermacentor andersoni ticks in Colorado in 1952 ( Thomas et al., 1960 Kuno et al., 2001). In some instances the named disease preceded discovery of the causative agent by many years. Dates approximate the recognition of a specific agent and its direct association with ticks and disease in humans. NOTES: In some circumstances the distribution of the pathogen in ticks extends to other countries from which no documented cases of human disease have been reported. Ixodes marxi Ixodes cookei Ixodes spinipalpisĪmblyomma maculatum Amblyomma triste Amblyomma tigrinum Year Identified as a Cause of Tick-Borne DiseaseĬountry or Countries with Cases of Diseaseĭermacentor andersoni Dermacentor variabilis Rhipicephalus sanguineus Amblyomma sculptum Amblyomma aureolatumĬanada, United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Brazil, Argentinaĭ. TABLE A8-1 Tick-Borne Pathogens Affecting Humans in the Western Hemisphere Pathogen Collins, CO.ĥ Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Overall, approximately 95 percent of reportedġ The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Ģ Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.ģ Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA.Ĥ Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ft. Against this background of expanding pathogen recognition are also unprecedented surges in the incidence of several tick-borne infections throughout the Americas.ĭuring 2013, 48,821 cases of autochthonous, nationally notifiable, vector-borne disease were reported to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ( CDC, 2014). Through 2014, at least 27 ecologically and epidemiologically distinct tickborne diseases were identified in the Western Hemisphere remarkably, nearly half of these were discovered during the last 20 years (see Table A8-1). Ticks transmit a greater diversity of viral, bacterial, and protozoan diseases than any other arthropod vector on earth ( Jongejan and Uilenberg, 2004 IOM, 2011). A8ĬHANGING PARADIGMS FOR TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN THE AMERICAS 1 Christopher D. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 8:623-640. Journal of Medical Entomology 38:130-134. Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 49:672-670. Effects of environmental temperature on the vector competence of Aedes taeniorhynchus for Rift Valley fever and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 117:D17103. Climate extremes and climate change: The Russian heat wave and other climate extremes of 2010. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 77:195-201. Preimaginal population dynamics and the role of human behavior. The regulation of preimaginal populations of Aedes aegypti L.
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